Glottalized lateral in Rikvani Andi: an acoustic study

Appendix 1. Stimuli list

Table 1. Stimuli list

Transcription	Andi script	Translation (Rus)	Translation (Eng)
ʁadillˀa=lo	гъадилл*а=ло	‘в загоне, тоже’	‘in a shed, too’
χajrulˀa=ʁojd	хайрул*а=гъойд	‘на выручке, мол’	‘on a revenue, they say’
aχirulˀa	ахирул*а	‘в конце’	‘in the end’
aχranɬo=lojd	ахранлъо=лойд	‘сторожем’	‘as a gatekeeper, PTCL’
alamatol	аламатол	‘чудеса’	‘miracles’
ašolawl	ашолавл	‘ашалинцы’	‘Ashali villagers’
balˀib	бал*иб	‘ученый’	‘educated’
balˀoɬi	бал*олъи	‘обучил’	‘taught (them)’
balˀorallo	бал*оралло	‘обучает’	‘teaches (them)’
belˀora	бел*ора	‘тонкий’	‘thin’
beqoloɢa	бехъологъ*а	‘пока прибудет’	‘until (someone) arrives’
beqoloɢasːi	бехъологъ*асси	‘пока прибудет’	‘until (someone) arrives’
beršo=lˀa	бершол*а	‘поменялось’	‘(it) changed’
bik’o=lˀa	бикIо=л*а	‘было же’	‘(it) was, wasn’t it’
bik’o=sːu=lˀa	бикIо=ссу=л*а	‘не было же’	‘(it) was not, was it’
biloɬol	билолъол	‘горцы’	‘highlanders’
biloč’ukːu	билочIукку	‘с горы’	‘from a mountain’
bilolˀakːu	билол*акку	‘с гор’	‘from the mountains’
bilolˀakːu=χarid	билол*акку=харид	‘со стороны гор’	‘from the direction of the mountains’
bilolˀo=jd	билол*о=йд	‘в горы, мол’	‘into the mountains, they said’
buʁa=lo	бугъа=ло	‘бычок, тоже’	‘young bull, too’
buχːurado=lo	буххурадо=ло	‘забирают, тоже’	‘taking it, too’
bulˀonoq	бул*онохъ	‘ушло’	‘(it) left’
buturulur	бутурулур	‘чеченцев (род.п.)’	‘of the Chechens’
c’alˀa	цIал*а	‘на огне’	‘on fire’
č’alanni=lo	чIаланни=ло	‘надоело, тоже’	‘got fed up, too’
č’itulˀo	чIитул*о	‘в местность Читу’	‘to Chitu (toponym)’
čalu=lo	чалу=ло	‘фитиль, тоже’	‘candle wick, too’
čalu=lojd	чалу=лойд	‘фитиль’	‘candle wick, PTCL’
ček’a=lo	чекIа=ло	‘нога, тоже’	‘leg, too’
čelekʷaq	челеквахъ	‘в ведра’	‘in the buckets’
čelek=lojd	челек=лойд	‘ведро’	‘bucket, PTCL’
čongola	чонгола	‘в тазике’	‘in a wash-basin’
čʷaχːelasːi	чваххеласси	‘протекающий’	‘one that leaks’
darʁilˀa	даргъил*а	‘в местности Дарго’	‘in Dargo (toponym)’
darʁilˀo	даргъил*о	‘в местность Дарго’	‘to Dargo (toponym)’
dilˀo	дил*о	‘мне’	‘to me’
gallˀa=lojd	галл*а=лойд	‘на шее’	‘on shoulder, PTCL’
haǯilawšud	гьаджилавшуд	‘Гаджилав (эргатив)’	‘Gadzhilav (personal name, ergative)’
haq’illˀa=lo	гьакъилл*а=ло	‘по поводу, тоже’	‘and as to …’
haq’iq’atilˀa	гьакъикъатил*а	‘на самом деле’	‘in truth, truly’
haržulˀa	гьаржул*а	‘на сундуке’	‘on a trunk’
hawroχilˀa	гьаврохил*а	‘на ишаке’	‘on a donkey’
heɬeliɬ	гьелъелилъ	‘их (жен. р. мн. ч.)’	‘their (women’s)’
heɬulo	гьелъу=ло	‘там, тоже’	‘there, too’
hebrihilˀa=jd	гьебригьил*а=йд	‘в это время, мол’	‘at that moment, they said’
hegebrihi=lo	гьегебригьи=ло	‘это время, тоже’	‘that moment, too’
hegelˀa	гьегел*а	‘на этом’	‘on this’
hegelid	гьегелид	‘они (жен. р. мн. ч. эрг.)’	‘they (women, ergative)’
hegeluɬu	гьегелулъу	‘им (муж. р. мн. ч.)’	‘to them (men)’
helč’u=lo	гьелчIу=ло	‘у этого, тоже’	‘at him, too’
hilˀa	гьил*а	‘наверху’	‘on top of’
hilˀasːi	гьил*асси	‘верхний’	‘that of the top’
hilˀo	гьил*о	‘наверх’	‘onto the top of’
hilˀolč’i=lo	гьил*олчIи=ло	‘еще больше’	‘even more’
hinc’olˀa	гьинцIол*а	‘на камне’	‘on a stone’
hinu=lo	гьину=ло	‘внутри, тоже’	‘inside, too’
hinulogusːi	гьинулогусси	’с внутренним‘	’with that from inside‘
hoɢollˀo=lojd	гьогъолло=лойд	‘на землю’	‘onto the ground, PTCL’
horsatilˀa	гьорсатил*а	‘сейчас’	‘at this time, now’
huda=lojd	гьуда=лойд	‘туда’	‘there, PTCL’
huga=lo	гьуга=ло	‘туда, тоже’	‘to there, too’
iʟu=lojd	илIу=лойд	‘внутрь’	‘inside, PTCL’
iχʷalˀaʁojd	ихвал*агъойд	‘в местности Ихвойл’	‘in Ikhvoyl (toponym)’
iχolˀa	ихол*а	‘на мельнице’	‘at a mill’
ila	ила	‘мать’	‘mother’
ilajma	илайма	‘родители’	‘parents’
ilajmalɬbo=lo	илаймаллъбо=ло	‘родители, тоже (аффектив)’	‘parents, too (affective)’
iluʟ	илулъ	‘матери (генитив)’	‘mother’s’
innagulo	иннагуло	‘постоянно’	‘constantly’
išːalo	ищало	‘домой’	‘to home’
išulo	ишуло	‘дома’	‘at home’
iwalo	ивало	‘куда-то’	‘to somewhere’
jalˀir	йал*ир	‘зовет (ее)’	‘is calling (her)’
jiɢoloɢa=lo	йигъологъа=ло	‘пока (она) придет, тоже’	‘until (she) comes, too’
jiinnologu	йииннологу	‘когда (она) уходит’	‘while (she) is leaving’
jilˀinno	йил*инно	‘(она) уходит’	‘(she) is leaving’
k’ek’o=lo	КIекIо=ло	‘Кеко (личное имя), тоже’	‘Keko (proper name)’
k’otulˀa=jd	кIотул*а=йд	‘на коне, мол’	‘on a horse, they say’
k’otulˀa=lo	кIотул*а=ло	‘на коне, тоже’	‘on a horse, too’
kalas=lojd	калас=лойд	‘класс’	‘class(mates), PTCL’
klasilˀo	класил*о	‘классу’	‘to the class(mates)’
kodi=lo	коди=ло	‘на руки, тоже’	‘into the hands, too’
kulilɬku	кулиллъку	‘из кошары’	‘from the sheepfold’
kulillˀa	кулилл*а	‘в кошаре’	‘in the sheepfold’
kuli=lojd	кули=лойд	‘кошара’	‘sheepfold, PTCL’
kurt’alogu	куртIалогу	‘с молотком’	‘with a hammer’
kutakulˀa	кутакул*а	‘сильно’	‘very much’
kutukulˀa	кутукул*а	‘очень сильно’	‘very-very much’
lˀala	л*ала	‘крышка’	‘lid’
masala	масала	‘пример’	‘example’
matulˀaʁojd	матул*агъойд	’в местности Матул*а’	‘in Matula (toponym)’
matulˀo	матул*о	’в местность Матул*а’	‘to Matula (toponym)’
misalˀa	мисал*а	‘на каком-то месте’	‘somewhere’
misalˀakːu	мисал*акку	‘из какого-то места’	‘from somewhere’
mʲarulˀa	мярул*а	‘в начале’	‘at the beginning’
mʲarulˀo=lo	мярул*о=ло	‘в начало, тоже’	‘to the starting point’
musalaw	мусалав	‘Мусалав (личное имя)’	‘Musalav (personal name)’
musalawšːur	мусалавшур	‘Мусалава (род.п., личное имя)’	‘Musalav’s (personal name)’
nik’alajgu	никIалайгу	‘в старину’	‘in the old times’
oloqan	олохъан	‘юноша’	‘young man’
petizarʲadka=lojd	петизарядка=лойд	‘пятизарядное ружье’	‘five-barrel gun, PTCL’
položenija=lo	положенийа=ло	‘положение, тоже’	‘situation, too’
primerulˀaɬid	примерул*алъид	‘на примере’	‘by the example of, PTCL’
q’ali	къали	‘канистра’	‘jerrycan’
q’alidi	къалиди	‘в канистру’	‘into a jerrycan’
q’ali=lo	къали=ло	‘канистра, тоже’	‘jerrycan, too’
reɬolˀa=logu	релъол*а=логу	‘находясь на озере’	‘while at the lake’
rejdi=lojd	рейди=лойд	‘на улицу’	‘outside, PTCL’
relˀa	рел*а	‘рука’	‘hand’
rešinolˀakːu	решинол*акку	‘с неба’	‘from the sky’
rihisːula	ригьиссула	‘под утро’	‘in the morning’
rok’ollˀo=lojd	рокIолл*о=лойд	‘в памяти (букв. в сердце)’	‘in the memory (lit. in the heart), PTCL’
rolˀal	рол*ал	‘одежда’	‘clothes’
roq’orallo=logu	рокъоралло=логу	‘примиряя’	‘while reconciling’
rulˀond=lo	рул*онд=ло	‘ушло, тоже’	‘(it) was gone, too’
šːela	щела	‘завтра’	‘tomorrow’
sːori=lo	ссори=ло	‘повернулся, тоже’	‘turned, too’
žirado=lo=sːu=low	жирадо=ло=ссу=лов	‘делает же, нет?’	‘does, doesn’t he?’
sːuratulˀa	ссуратул*а	‘на фотографии’	‘on a photo’
sebgulo	себгуло	‘ничего’	‘nothing’
silalɬbo	силаллъбо	‘для той силы’	‘to the force’
soloman	Соломан	‘Соломан (личное имя)’	‘Soloman (proper name)’
soru=lo	сору=ло	‘вместе, тоже’	‘together, too’
t’ebt’elol=lo	тIебтIелол=ло	‘кизяк, тоже’	‘dried dung, too’
t’ulugu	тIулугу	‘сильно’	‘strongly’
talulˀa=lo	талул*а=ло	‘на травянистом месте, тоже’	‘on a grassy place, too’
tawsːu=lo	Тавссу=ло	‘Тавссу (личное имя), тоже’	‘Tavssu (proper name), too’
udob=lo=lˀa	удоб=ло=л*а	‘то-се’	‘this and that’
unsa=lo	унса=ло	‘теплый, тоже’	‘warm, too’
uškula	ушкула	‘в школе’	‘at school’
ust’ululˀa	устIулул*а	‘на столе’	‘on a table’
woχudu=lojd	вохуду=лойд	‘приехал’	‘(he) came, PTCL’
woinno=lo	воинно=ло	‘ходил, тоже’	‘went, too’
wok’o=lˀa	вокIо=л*а	‘были же’	‘there were, weren’t there’
wolˀinnu	вол*инну	‘идти’	‘go’
wolˀon	вол*он	‘ушли’	‘(men) left’
wolˀond	вол*онд	‘ушли’	‘(men) have left’
wolˀondil	вол*ондил	‘ушли, оказывается’	‘apparently, (men) left’
wolˀondil=lo	вол*ондил=ло	‘ушли, оказывается, тоже’	‘apparently, (men) left, too’
wolˀond=lo	вол*онд=ло	‘ушли, тоже’	‘(men) left, too’
woq’du=lo	вокъду=ло	‘прийти, тоже’	‘arrive, too’
worč’unni=lˀa	ворчIунни=л*а	‘спаслись же’	‘(men) survived, didn’t they’
wstrečallilˀo	встречаллил*о	‘на встречи’	‘to meetings’
wuč’orado=logu	вучIорадо=логу	‘вставая’	‘when standing up’
wuinno=logu	вуинно=логу	‘уходя’	‘when leaving’
wulˀom	вул*ом	‘уходи’	‘leave!’
wulˀon	вул*он	‘ушел’	‘(he) left’
wulˀond	вул*онд	‘ушел’	‘(he) has left’
wulˀond=id	вул*онд=ид	‘что он пошел, мол’	‘(he) has left, they say’
wulˀond=lo	вул*онд=ло	‘уйдя, тоже’	‘having left, too’
žibgu=lo	жибгу=ло	‘и само, тоже’	‘itself, too’
židu=lo	жиду=ло	‘сделать, тоже’	‘do, too’
žilˀid	жил*ид	‘хочет’	‘wants’
žirado=lo	жирадо=ло	‘делается, тоже’	‘is being done, too’
zolo	золо	‘очень’	‘very’
zologu	зологу	‘слишком’	‘too much’

Appendix 2. Pulse and intensity profiles

Appendix 3. Effect plots for F45 and M69 mixed effects models

Fig. 21. Effect plot for the longest interval between glottal pulses in a lateral

Fig. 22. Effect plot for normalized intensity of a lateral

Fig. 23. Effect plot for duration of a lateral

Fig. 24. Effect plot for shimmer

Fig. 25. Effect plot for H2-H1 tilt (only speaker F45)

Fig. 26. Effect plot for A1-H1 tilt (only speaker F45)

Fig. 27. Effect plot for A2-H1 tilt (only speaker F45)

Appendix 4. Analysis of stres

Appendix 5. Creak spread

Table 2. Creak statistics

speaker	prodType_norm	consonant	no creak	creaky	full stop	right creak spread	left creak spread
F30	Individual words	l	9	NA	NA	NA	NA
F30	Individual words	lˀ	9	NA	NA	NA	NA
F30	Carrier phrase	l	3	NA	NA	NA	NA
F30	Carrier phrase	lˀ	3	NA	NA	NA	NA
F45	Individual words	l	9	NA	NA	NA	NA
F45	Individual words	lˀ	NA	9	NA	3	NA
F45	Carrier phrase	l	3	NA	NA	NA	NA
F45	Carrier phrase	lˀ	2	1	NA	NA	NA
F45	Free narrative	l	29	NA	NA	NA	NA
F45	Free narrative	lˀ	4	8	1	4	NA
F49	Individual words	l	9	NA	NA	NA	NA
F49	Individual words	lˀ	NA	8	1	7	NA
F49	Carrier phrase	l	3	NA	NA	NA	NA
F49	Carrier phrase	lˀ	NA	2	1	3	NA
M35	Free narrative	l	19	NA	NA	NA	NA
M35	Free narrative	lˀ	9	11	1	NA	NA
M40	Free narrative	l	27	NA	NA	NA	NA
M40	Free narrative	lˀ	17	4	NA	NA	NA
M50	Individual words	l	9	NA	NA	NA	NA
M50	Individual words	lˀ	NA	3	6	NA	1
M50	Carrier phrase	l	3	NA	NA	NA	NA
M50	Carrier phrase	lˀ	NA	3	NA	NA	1
M52	Individual words	l	9	NA	NA	NA	NA
M52	Individual words	lˀ	1	7	1	4	NA
M52	Carrier phrase	l	3	NA	NA	NA	NA
M52	Carrier phrase	lˀ	2	NA	1	NA	NA
M60	Individual words	l	9	NA	NA	NA	NA
M60	Individual words	lˀ	NA	9	NA	5	NA
M60	Carrier phrase	l	3	NA	NA	NA	NA
M60	Carrier phrase	lˀ	NA	3	NA	2	NA
M69	Individual words	l	9	NA	NA	NA	NA
M69	Individual words	lˀ	NA	2	7	NA	NA
M69	Carrier phrase	l	3	NA	NA	NA	NA
M69	Carrier phrase	lˀ	NA	1	2	NA	NA
M69	Free narrative	l	28	NA	NA	NA	NA
M69	Free narrative	lˀ	10	19	NA	1	NA
M75	Free narrative	l	12	NA	NA	NA	NA
M75	Free narrative	lˀ	9	9	NA	2	NA

Appendix 6. Spectral tilt dynamics

Appendix 7. Praat script

Script for extracting sound data

 # the script extracts data for each token of a lateral

form Data extracton parameters
 # sound, word, production type (token), speaker - interval tiers
 # pulse - point tier
 comment Number of the sound tier
 integer sndTier 1
 comment Number of the word tier
 integer wrdTier 2
 comment Number of the production type tier
 integer prodTypeTier 3
 comment Number of the speaker tier
 integer spkTier 6
 comment Pulse tier
 integer plsTier 7
 comment Creak type tier
 integer creakTier 8
 comment Path to formant extraction data
 text formantFile _ Formant_Extraction_Parameters.txt
 comment Path to save spectrograms
 text path C:\Users\ashir\Desktop\_l_Spectrograms\
endform

sound_data_raw = selected ("Sound")
textGrid_data = selected ("TextGrid")

Edit

 # ---- delete the initial word "Sound " from the file name
select sound_data_raw
inpFile$ = selected$ ()
len = length: inpFile$
inpFile$ = right$: inpFile$, len - 6

 # ---- make output file names
outFile$ = inpFile$ + "_Sound_data.txt"

 # ---- resample the sound

select sound_data_raw
Resample... 16000 50
sound_data = selected("Sound")

 # ---- scaling parameters

pctRightBase = 10 ; base width of a spectrogram in Praat picture
pctRightScale = 0.5 ; base duration of a word for scaling, seconds
pctRight = 0

 # ---- variables

fCounter = 0 ; counter for formants
tokenCounter = 1 ; will be used as a key for the tokens
spectrogramFlag = 0
tmpSound = 0


select textGrid_data
nIntervals = Get number of intervals: sndTier ; number of intervals in the sounds tier

 # ---- get formant extraction parameters

str = Read Strings from raw text file... 'formantFile$'

select str
strNum = Get number of strings

fParams$ [1] = "" ; array of formant extraction parameters

if strNum > 1
 for i from 1 to strNum
  fParams$ [i] = Get string: i
 endfor
endif

removeObject: str

 # ---- create intensity object 

selectObject: sound_data
intensity = To Intensity... 100 0

 # ---- make headers

writeFileLine: outFile$, "file", tab$, "token_code", tab$, "speaker", tab$, "word", tab$, "prodType", tab$, "v1", tab$, "v2", tab$, "consonant", tab$,
                   ..."creakType", tab$, "creakStart", tab$, "creakEnd", tab$, "V1start", tab$, "Cstart", tab$, "V2start", tab$, "V2end", tab$,
                   ..."v1_max_int", tab$, "c_min_int", tab$, "v2_max_int", tab$,
                   ..."c_mean_int", tab$, "c_mean_int_norm", tab$,
                   ..."left_point", tab$, "f0_left_hz", tab$, "f0_left_db", tab$, "h2_left_hz", tab$, "h2_left_db", tab$, "a1_left_hz", tab$, "a1_left_db", tab$, "a2_left_hz", tab$, "a2_left_db", tab$,
                   ..."mid_point", tab$, "f0_mid_hz", tab$, "f0_mid_db", tab$, "h2_mid_hz", tab$, "h2_mid_db", tab$, "a1_mid_hz", tab$, "a1_mid_db", tab$, "a2_mid_hz", tab$, "a2_mid_db", tab$,
                   ..."right_point", tab$, "f0_right_hz", tab$, "f0_right_db", tab$, "h2_right_hz", tab$, "h2_right_db", tab$, "a1_right_hz", tab$, "a1_right_db", tab$, "a2_right_hz", tab$, "a2_right_db"

 # ---- the main algorythm

writeInfo: ""

for i from 2 to (nIntervals - 1)

 # -- find sounds in the sound tier
 selectObject: textGrid_data

 snd1$ = Get label of interval: sndTier, i - 1 ; previous sound
 snd2$ = Get label of interval: sndTier, i     ; current sound
 snd3$ = Get label of interval: sndTier, i + 1 ; next sound

 # limits of the previous sound
 snd1Lft = Get start point: sndTier, i - 1 ; the left point of the interval
 snd1Rght = Get end point: sndTier, i - 1 ; the right point of the interval

 # limits of the current sound
 snd2Lft = Get start point: sndTier, i
 snd2Rght = Get end point: sndTier, i

 # limits of the next sound
 snd3Lft = Get start point: sndTier, i + 1
 snd3Rght = Get end point: sndTier, i + 1
    
 # -- check that the sounds are in the same word
 wrdLft = Get interval at time: wrdTier, (snd1Lft + snd2Lft) / 2
 wrdLft$ = Get label of interval: wrdTier, wrdLft
 wrdRght = Get interval at time: wrdTier, (snd3Lft + snd3Rght) / 2
 wrdRght$ = Get label of interval: wrdTier, wrdRght

 # save the spectrogram

 if spectrogramFlag = 1 and wrdRght$ <> wrdLft$
  Select outer viewport: 0, pctRight, 0, 7
  fname$ = path$ + inpFile$ + "_" + string$(tokenCounter) + "_" + wrdLft$ + "_" + spk$ + "_" + prodType$ + ".png"
  Save as 300-dpi PNG file: fname$

  removeObject: tmpTxtGrid
  removeObject: tmpSound

  spectrogramFlag = 0
  tmpSound = 0
 endif

 # -- normalize sound notation
 if snd2$ = "l'"
  snd2$ = "lˀ"
 endif

 # -- check whether the lateral is between 2 sounds and that they all are within one word
 # -- then extract all the necessary data

 if (snd2$ = "l" or snd2$ = "lˀ") and snd1$ <> "" and snd3$ <> "" and wrdLft$ = wrdRght$ and
 ...((length (snd1$) = 1 and length (snd3$) = 1) or 
 ...(left$(snd3$,1) = "^" and length (snd1$) = 1) or
 ...(left$(snd1$,1) = "^" and length (snd3$) = 1))

  spectrogramFlag = 1
  wrdBorderLft = Get start point: wrdTier, wrdLft
  wrdBorderRght = Get end point: wrdTier, wrdLft

  # -- drafting the spectrogram

  # extract the sound and textgrid

  if tmpSound = 0 ; this is the first encounter of V_V
   select sound_data
   Extract part: wrdBorderLft, wrdBorderRght, "rectangular", 1, "no"
   tmpSound = selected("Sound")
  
   select textGrid_data
   Extract part: wrdBorderLft, wrdBorderRght, "no"
   tmpTxtGrid = selected ("TextGrid")

   nPulses = Get number of points: plsTier
   z = 1
   while z <= nPulses
    t = Get time of point: plsTier, z
    if (t < snd1Lft - wrdBorderLft) or (t > snd3Rght - wrdBorderRght)
     Remove point: plsTier, z
     nPulses = Get number of points: plsTier
    else
     z = z + 1
    endif
   endwhile

   # remove the data that is not required
   numberOfTiers = Get number of tiers
   if numberOfTiers = 9
     Remove tier... 9
     Remove tier... 8
   endif
   Remove tier... 5
   Remove tier... 4

   # scaling
   pctRight = pctRightBase * (wrdBorderRght - wrdBorderLft) / pctRightScale

   # draw the spectrogram
   select tmpSound
   plus tmpTxtGrid
   Edit

   Select outer viewport: 0, pctRight, 4, 7
   editor: tmpTxtGrid
    Select: 0, wrdBorderRght - wrdBorderLft
    Draw visible sound and TextGrid: "yes", "no", "yes", "yes", "yes"
   endeditor

   Select outer viewport: 0, pctRight, 0, 4
   editor: tmpTxtGrid
    Select: 0, wrdBorderRght - wrdBorderLft
    # parameters: erase first, write name, draw selection times
    # draw selection hairs, garnish
    Paint visible spectrogram: "no", "no", "yes", "yes", "yes"
   endeditor
  endif

  # -- data extraction

  selectObject: textGrid_data

  prodType = Get interval at time: prodTypeTier, snd2Lft
  prodType$ = Get label of interval: prodTypeTier, prodType
  spk = Get interval at time: spkTier, snd2Lft
  spk$ = Get label of interval: spkTier, spk

  creakType_number = Get number of intervals: creakTier
  creakType = Get interval at time: creakTier, snd1Lft
  if creakType_number > 2 and creakType < creakType_number - 1
   creakType = creakType + 1 ; because we know there cannot be creak in the beginning of the first vowel
   creakStart = Get start point: creakTier, creakType
   creakEnd = Get end point: creakTier, creakType
   creakType$ = Get label of interval: creakTier, creakType
   if creakStart > snd3Rght or creakType$ = ""
    creakStart = 0
    creakEnd = 0
    creakType$ = "-"
   endif
  else
   # there's only one or two intervals in the tier
   creakStart = 0
   creakEnd = 0
   creakType$ = "-"
  endif

  appendFile: outFile$, inpFile$, tab$, tokenCounter, tab$, spk$, tab$, wrdLft$, tab$, prodType$, tab$, snd1$, tab$, snd3$, tab$, snd2$, tab$,
           ...creakType$, tab$, fixed$ (creakStart, 3), tab$, fixed$ (creakEnd, 3), tab$, fixed$ (snd1Lft, 3), tab$, fixed$ (snd2Lft, 3), tab$, fixed$ (snd3Lft, 3), tab$, fixed$ (snd3Rght,3), tab$

  selectObject: intensity
  snd1IntMax = Get maximum: snd1Lft, snd2Lft, "None"
  snd2IntMean = Get mean... snd2Lft snd3Lft dB
  snd2IntMin = Get minimum... snd2Lft snd3Lft None
  snd3IntMax = Get mean... snd3Lft snd3Rght dB

  # -- extract normalized intensity of the consonants

  snd2IntNorm = 0

  @extract_normalized_intensities: sound_data, snd2Lft, snd2Rght, snd3Rght, 70, snd2IntNorm

  appendFile: outFile$, fixed$ (snd1IntMax, 2), tab$, fixed$ (snd2IntMin, 2), tab$, fixed$ (snd3IntMax, 2), tab$,
                   ...fixed$ (snd2IntMean, 2), tab$, fixed$ (snd2IntNorm, 2), tab$

  # -- extract formant data

  if fCounter = 0
   fCounter = 1
   @split (" ", fParams$ [fCounter])
   while split.array$[1] <> inpFile$
    fCounter = fCounter + 1
    @split (" ", fParams$ [fCounter])
   endwhile
   #appendInfoLine: fCounter, tab$, wrdLft$
  else
   fCounter = fCounter + 1
   @split (" ", fParams$ [fCounter])
   appendInfoLine: fCounter, tab$, wrdLft$
  endif

  # estimate formant intensities, draw formants
  for k from 1 to 3
   tiltPlace$ = split.array$[(k-1)*7+2]
   a1_lft_hz$ = split.array$[(k-1)*7+3]
   a1_rght_hz = number (split.array$[(k-1)*7+4])
   a2_lft_hz = number (split.array$[(k-1)*7+5])
   a2_rght_hz = number (split.array$[(k-1)*7+6])
   a3_lft_hz = number (split.array$[(k-1)*7+7])
   a3_rght_hz = number (split.array$[(k-1)*7+8])

   if tiltPlace$ <> "-" and a1_lft_hz$ <> "-"
    tiltTime = snd2Lft + (snd2Rght - snd2Lft) * number(tiltPlace$)
    f0_hz = 0
    @estimate_f0_hz: sound_data, textGrid_data, plsTier, tiltTime, f0_hz
    h2_hz = f0_hz * 2
    a1_hz = 0
    a2_hz = 0
    f0_dB = 0
    h2_dB = 0
    a1_dB = 0
    a2_dB = 0
    if a1_lft_hz$ = "Auto"
     @extract_formants_no_bands: sound_data, tiltTime, f0_hz
     f0_hz = extract_formants_no_bands.f0_hz
     h2_hz = extract_formants_no_bands.h2_hz
     a1_hz = extract_formants_no_bands.a1_hz
     a2_hz = extract_formants_no_bands.a2_hz
     f0_dB = extract_formants_no_bands.f0_dB
     h2_dB = extract_formants_no_bands.h2_dB
     a1_dB = extract_formants_no_bands.a1_dB
     a2_dB = extract_formants_no_bands.a2_dB
    else
     @extract_formants_with_bands: sound_data, tiltTime, number(a1_lft_hz$), a1_rght_hz, a2_lft_hz, a2_rght_hz, f0_hz
     f0_hz = extract_formants_with_bands.f0_hz
     h2_hz = extract_formants_with_bands.h2_hz
     a1_hz = extract_formants_with_bands.a1_hz
     a2_hz = extract_formants_with_bands.a2_hz
     f0_dB = extract_formants_with_bands.f0_dB
     h2_dB = extract_formants_with_bands.h2_dB
     a1_dB = extract_formants_with_bands.a1_dB
     a2_dB = extract_formants_with_bands.a2_dB
    endif
    @draw_formants: f0_hz, h2_hz, a1_hz, a2_hz, (tiltTime - wrdBorderLft)
    appendFile: outFile$, tiltPlace$, tab$, fixed$ (f0_hz, 2), tab$, fixed$ (f0_dB, 2), tab$, fixed$ (h2_hz, 2), tab$, fixed$ (h2_dB, 2), tab$, fixed$ (a1_hz, 2), tab$, fixed$ (a1_dB, 2), tab$, fixed$ (a2_hz, 2), tab$, fixed$ (a2_dB, 2)
   else
    appendFile: outFile$, "-", tab$, "-", tab$, "-", tab$, "-", tab$, "-", tab$, "-", tab$, "-", tab$, "-", tab$, "-"
   endif
   if k < 3
    appendFile: outFile$, tab$
   endif
  endfor
  appendFileLine: outFile$
  tokenCounter = tokenCounter + 1
 endif
endfor

if spectrogramFlag = 1 and wrdRght$ <> wrdLft$
 Select outer viewport: 0, pctRight, 0, 7
 fname$ = inpFile$ + "_" + string$(tokenCounter) + "_" + wrdLft + "_" + spk$ + "_" + prodType$ + ".png"
 Save as 300-dpi PNG file: fname$
 spectrogramFlag = 0
# removeObject: tmpTxtGrid
# removeObject: tmpSound
endif

removeObject: intensity
removeObject: sound_data

selectObject: sound_data_raw, textGrid_data

appendInfoLine: "Done!"

# .sep$ - separator, .str$ the string to be separated
procedure split (.sep$, .str$)
    .strlen = length (.str$)
    .sep = index (.str$, .sep$)
    .seplen = length (.sep$)
    .length = 1
    while .sep > 0
        .part$ = left$ (.str$, .sep - 1)
        .str$ = right$ (.str$, length (.str$) - .sep - .seplen + 1)
        .sep = index (.str$, .sep$)
        .array$ [.length] = .part$
        .length = .length + 1
    endwhile
    .array$ [.length] = .str$
endproc

procedure extract_normalized_intensities: .sound_data, .snd2Lft, .snd2Rght, .snd3Rght, .norm_dB, snd2IntNorm
 select .sound_data
 Extract part: .snd2Lft - 1, .snd3Rght + 1, "rectangular", 1, "yes"
 .tmpSound = selected ("Sound")
 .tmpIntensity = To Intensity... 100 0
 .snd3Int = Get mean... .snd2Rght .snd3Rght dB
 .snd2Int = Get mean... .snd2Lft .snd2Rght dB
 .snd2snd3Int = Get mean... .snd2Lft .snd3Rght dB
 removeObject: .tmpIntensity

 .snd3IntNorm = .norm_dB
 snd2IntNorm = .snd2Int + (.snd3IntNorm - .snd3Int)
 .snd2snd3IntNorm = .snd2snd3Int + (.snd3IntNorm - .snd3Int)

 .loopFlag = 1
 while .loopFlag = 1
  selectObject: .tmpSound
  Scale intensity... .snd2snd3IntNorm
  .tmpIntensity = To Intensity... 100 0

  snd2IntNorm = Get mean... .snd2Lft .snd2Rght dB
  .snd3IntNorm = Get mean... .snd2Rght .snd3Rght dB
  if .snd3IntNorm < 69.5
   .snd2snd3IntNorm = .snd2snd3IntNorm + 1
  endif
  if .snd3IntNorm > 70.5
   .snd2snd3IntNorm = .snd2snd3IntNorm - 1
  endif
  if .snd3IntNorm >= 69.5 and .snd3IntNorm <= 70.5
   .loopFlag = 0
  endif
  removeObject: .tmpIntensity
 endwhile
 removeObject: .tmpSound
endproc

procedure estimate_f0_hz: .sound_data, .textGrid_data, .pulseTier, .tiltPlace, f0_hz
# if pulse interval is greater than 0.02, f0 is undefined
 select .textGrid_data
 .pulse_start_id = 1
 .pulseTime = Get time of point: .pulseTier, .pulse_start_id
 while .pulseTime < .tiltPlace
  .pulse_start_id = .pulse_start_id + 1
  .pulseTime = Get time of point: .pulseTier, .pulse_start_id
 endwhile
 .pulseTime_prev = Get time of point: .pulseTier, (.pulse_start_id - 1)
 if (.pulseTime - .pulseTime_prev) > 0.02
  f0_hz = undefined
 else
  f0_hz = 1 / (.pulseTime - .pulseTime_prev)
 endif
endproc

procedure extract_formants_with_bands: .sound_data, .tiltTime, .a1_left_hz, .a1_right_hz, .a2_left_hz, .a2_right_hz, .f0_hz
 select .sound_data
 Edit
 editor: .sound_data
  Move cursor to: .tiltTime
  View spectral slice
 Close
 .sliceID = selected ("Spectrum")
 .ltasID = To Ltas (1-to-1)

 if .f0_hz <> undefined
  .f0_dB = Get maximum: (.f0_hz * 0.9), (.f0_hz * 1.1), "None"
  .f0_hz = Get frequency of maximum: (.f0_hz * 0.9), (.f0_hz * 1.1), "None"

  .h2_hz = f0_hz * 2
  .h2_dB = Get maximum: (.h2_hz * 0.9), (.h2_hz * 1.1), "None"
 else
  .f0_dB = undefined
  .h2_hz = undefined
  .h2_dB = undefined
 endif

 .a1_dB = Get maximum: .a1_left_hz, .a1_right_hz, "None"
 .a1_hz = Get frequency of maximum: .a1_left_hz, .a1_right_hz, "None"

 .a2_dB = Get maximum: .a2_left_hz, .a2_right_hz, "None"
 .a2_hz = Get frequency of maximum: .a2_left_hz, .a2_right_hz, "None"

 removeObject: .sliceID
 removeObject: .ltasID
endproc

procedure extract_formants_no_bands: .sound_data, .tiltTime, .f0_hz
 select .sound_data
 Edit
 editor: .sound_data
  Move cursor to: .tiltTime
  View spectral slice
 Close
 .sliceID = selected ("Spectrum")
 .ltasID = To Ltas (1-to-1)

 select .sound_data
 Edit
 editor: .sound_data
  Select: (.tiltTime - 0.1), (.tiltTime + 0.1)
  Extract selected sound (preserve times)
 Close
 .tmpSoundID = selected ("Sound")
 .formantID = To Formant (burg)... 0.0025 5 5900 0.025 50
 .a1_hz = Get quantile: 1, (.tiltTime - 0.05), (.tiltTime + 0.05), "Hertz", 0.5
 .a2_hz = Get quantile: 2, (.tiltTime - 0.05), (.tiltTime + 0.05), "Hertz", 0.5

 select .ltasID 

 if .f0_hz = undefined
  .f0_dB = undefined
  .h2_hz = undefined
  .h2_dB = undefined
 else
  .f0_dB = Get maximum: (.f0_hz * 0.9), (.f0_hz * 1.1), "None"
  .f0_hz = Get frequency of maximum: (.f0_hz * 0.9), (.f0_hz * 1.1), "None"

  .h2_hz = .f0_hz * 2
  .h2_dB = Get maximum: (.h2_hz * 0.9), (.h2_hz * 1.1), "None"
 endif

 if .a1_hz = undefined
  .a1_dB = undefined
 else
  .a1_dB = Get maximum: (.a1_hz * 0.9), (.a1_hz * 1.1), "None"
  .a1_hz = Get frequency of maximum: (.a1_hz * 0.9), (.a1_hz * 1.1), "None"
 endif

 if .a2_hz = undefined
  .a2_dB = undefined
 else
  .a2_dB = Get maximum: (.a2_hz * 0.9), (.a2_hz * 1.1), "None"
  .a2_hz = Get frequency of maximum: (.a2_hz * 0.9), (.a2_hz * 1.1), "None"
 endif

 removeObject: .tmpSoundID
 removeObject: .sliceID
 removeObject: .ltasID
 removeObject: .formantID
endproc

procedure draw_formants: .f0_hz, .h2_hz, .a1_hz, .a2_hz, .place
 if .a1_hz <> undefined   
  One mark left: .a1_hz, "yes", "yes", "yes", ""
  Paint circle: "red", .place, .a1_hz, 0.002
 endif
 if .a2_hz <> undefined   
  One mark left: .a2_hz, "yes", "yes", "yes", ""
  Paint circle: "red", .place, .a2_hz, 0.002
 endif
endproc